Q7 (b) (i)

I would measure the total mass (m) of the masses using a balance, making sure to zero it first.
Then I would measure the vertical height lifted using a metre rule, recording the initial and final heights from the same reference point.
The metre rule should be vertical for accuracy.
I would calculate the change in height (Δh).
Finally, I would use the equation,
change in gravitational potential energy = mgΔh, where g=9.8N/kg

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Q9(d)

To determine the specific heat capacity of water, I would use a beaker of water, an immersion heater, a thermometer, a balance, and a joulemeter.

First, I would measure the mass of the water using the balance. I would then measure and record the initial temperature using the thermometer. The immersion heater would be placed in the water and switched on for a period of time. The water should be stirred to ensure an even temperature.

After heating, I would record the highest (final) temperature reached and calculate the temperature change (Δθ).

The energy supplied (ΔQ) would be measured using the joulemeter.

I would then use:$$\Delta Q = m c \Delta \theta$$

Rearranging to find c:$$c = \frac{\Delta Q}{m \Delta \theta}$$

Substituting in the measured values gives the specific heat capacity of water.